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The figure of the “gypsy” has had a long life in the imaginary of western European artists, from the nineteenth-century romantics to the bohemians of the early twentieth century. As McDonough explains in this lecture, the visionary model for a “gypsy camp” by the Dutch painter-turned-architect Constant Nieuwenhuys (1920–2005) both builds upon and departs from this imaginary, informed as it was by the conflict of the Second World War that had seen the attempted extermination of Roma people by the Nazi regime. Spurred by his friend, the Italian painter Giuseppe Pinot-Gallizio, who offered his land in the Piedmont region of Italy for the use of a Roma community, Constant designed a mobile setting for a nomadic people, foreshadowing his great “New Babylon” project of the coming decades. Caught between a romantic stereotype and critical functionality, this work, Design for a Gypsy Camp (1956–1958), is both an architectural setting and a utopian social model. If it indulges in an increasingly anachronistic myth of the “vagabond gypsy,” it also imagines a society free of the constraints of the nation-state, an egalitarian society whose members could devote themselves to the exercise of freedom. Over a half-century after its conception, its ambivalent address to a refugee population—as both political subjects and fantasized others—remains distinctly resonant. (Tom McDonough)
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TOM MCDONOUGH (born 1969) is an art historian and theorist. He is Associate Professor and Chair of Art History at Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, where he teaches the history and theory of contemporary art, as well as modern architecture and urbanism. Focusing on Situationist International, his research has been published regularly in journals such as Afterall, Art in America, Artforum, Documents, Grey Room (where he works as an editor), OCTOBER, and Texte zur Kunst. Recent edited publications include: The Situationists and the City (2009); The invisible Flâneuse? (with Aruna D’Souza) (2006); and Guy Debord and the Situationist International: Texts and Documents (2002). He is currently writing Sowing the Wind, A History of the Situationist International (forthcoming). McDonough lives and works in Binghamton.
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